![]() The cell membranes are the outer barrier. The cytosol and organelles together compose the cytoplasm. The cytosol is the matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended. The intracellular fluid (ICF) is all fluids contained inside the cells, which consists of cytosol and fluid in the cell nucleus. The science of fluid balance across fluid compartments has practical application in intravenous therapy, where doctors and nurses must predict fluid shifts and decide which IV fluids to give (for example, isotonic versus hypotonic), how much to give, and how fast (volume or mass per minute or hour). The interstitial and intravascular compartments readily exchange water and solutes, but the third extracellular compartment, the transcellular, is thought of as separate from the other two and not in dynamic equilibrium with them. ![]() When illnesses upset the balance, electrolyte imbalances can result. The movement of these molecules is controlled and restricted by various mechanisms. Water and electrolytes are continuously moving across barriers (eg, cell membranes, vessel walls), albeit often in small amounts, to maintain this healthy balance. The normal processes by which life self-regulates its biochemistry ( homeostasis) produce fluid balance across the fluid compartments. The extracellular fluids may be divided into three types: interstitial fluid in the "interstitial compartment" (surrounding tissue cells and bathing them in a solution of nutrients and other chemicals), blood plasma and lymph in the "intravascular compartment" (inside the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels), and small amounts of transcellular fluid such as ocular and cerebrospinal fluids in the "transcellular compartment". Ībout two-thirds of the total body water of humans is held in the cells, mostly in the cytosol, and the remainder is found in the extracellular compartment. The intracellular compartment is the space within the organism's cells it is separated from the extracellular compartment by cell membranes. The two main fluid compartments are the intracellular and extracellular compartments. The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments, which, although not literally anatomic compartments, do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body's water, solutes, and suspended elements are segregated. For the concept of informal shared public space in community planning, see Third place. For the postcolonial term, see Third Space Theory. Other therapies include elevation of the affected part to assist drainage, massage and compression of the areas to move the fluid out of the tissues, and decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water retention."Third space" redirects here. ![]() Activities that can reduce the effects of the condition include appropriate exercises to keep the blood and lymph flowing through the affected areas. Therapy for edema usually focuses on elimination of the cause. ![]() Underlying medical conditions that can contribute to edema include congestive heart failure, kidney damage and kidney disease, disorders that affect the veins of the legs, and cirrhosis and other liver disorders. Medications that can result in edema include vasodilators, calcium channel blockers used to treat hypertension, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen therapies, and some diabetes medications. Otherwise, the venous blood pools in the lower limbs and can leak into surrounding tissues. This is because deep veins in the lower limbs rely on skeletal muscle contractions to push on the veins and thus “pump” blood back to the heart. Mild, transient edema of the feet and legs may be caused by sitting or standing in the same position for long periods of time, as in the work of a toll collector or a supermarket cashier. An allergic reaction can cause capillaries in the hand to leak excess fluid that accumulates in the tissues. ![]()
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